Younger and dissatisfied? Relative age and life-satisfaction in adolescence

This is the first study to investigate whether age gaps between classmates (that is, relative age) affect life-satisfaction gaps in adolescence. To this end, we analyse data from the multi-country Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey. We find evidence that relative age negatively impacts adolescents‘ lifesatisfaction. A twelve-month age gap decreases life-satisfaction, rated on a 0-10 scale, by 0.3 points. This negative effect is consistent across countries, although its magnitude varies; in particular, in Luxembourg, the life-satisfaction gap amounts to about 0.5 points. Finally, this negative effect does not decrease with the increase in absolute age